Vought V-173 Flying Pancake — Origins of the Flying Saucer?

By Friedrich Seiltgen

Humans haven’t been flying for very long when you look at the totality of history. From the Wright Brothers to today, it’s barely been more than a century — yet during that time period there have been many experiments and advancements made. In today’s article, Friedrich Seiltgen describes America’s disc-shaped airplane: the Vought V-173 Flying Pancake. Looking like something out of a 1950s sci-fi movie, the V-173 originated in the 1930, with much development work being done in World War II.

The Vought V-173 Flying Pancake during a December 1942 test flight. Conceived in the 1930s, the experimental plane held a great deal of potential, but did not develop into a successful platform.

In the early 1930s, aeronautical engineer Charles Zimmerman advocated discoidal aircraft, which were disc-shaped wing designs with a circular outer planform. This design was a lifting body with a short span that made up the aircraft’s fuselage. His design used two large counter-rotating propellers that would rotate slowly, creating a uniform airflow over the surface of the plane and eliminating the drag of wingtip vortices.

Vought V-173 testing for United States Navy — The Vought V-173 is prepared for testing. The United States Navy was interested in the design due to its flight characteristics that made it a good fit for the aircraft carriers of World War II. Image: U.S. Navy

Zimmerman built a proof-of-concept aircraft, but it was underpowered and never flew. He then built a small rubber band-powered model, which showed great promise, and moved on to large-scale models of his design, including an electric-powered model.

Enter Vought Aircraft

Zimmerman worked on several projects independently and was hired by Vought Aircraft in 1937 to continue his work. The original prototype was designated the Vought V-173. The majority of the aircraft was constructed of wood and covered with canvas. However, the front part of the fuselage to the middle of the cockpit was covered in wood, and the forward cockpit structure and propeller nacelles were constructed of aluminum. It was powered by two C75 Continental 80-horsepower engines.

Vought V-173 with fixed landing gear and nose up angle on runway — The Vought V-173 had fixed landing gear that gave the plane a significant nose up angle when on the ground. This angle worked very well with the plane’s aerodynamic design. Image: NARA

The V-173 used two vertical stabilizers at the rear of the aircraft. Attached to each side near the rear were horizontal stabilizers that acted as an aileron and an elevator known as an ailevator. The aircraft had tall fixed main landing gear, with a small tail wheel, and sat at a 22-degree nose-up angle to take advantage of the lift created by the two 16-foot, three-bladed propellers.

It was definitely a unique look.

In the Navy

While the U.S. Army Air Corps turned down the Zimmerman design, the U.S. Navy was interested in a short wingspan aircraft with a slow takeoff and landing speed that could operate from a ship. On May 4, 1940, the Navy signed a contract with Vought to produce a test aircraft designated the V-173.

On November 23, 1942, after extended taxi tests, what became known as the Flying Pancake made its first flight at Bridgeport Airport in Stratford, Connecticut. Vought’s chief test pilot, Boone Guyton, was in the cockpit.

Vought V-173 US Navy test flight — While the fixed landing gear gave the plane an ungainly appearance, the aerodynamics were sound on the Vought V-173. Image: United States Navy

Guyton landed after a 13-minute test flight, and the debrief began. During the flight, Guyton stated the controls were heavy and thought he would have to make a forced landing. Much of this was attributed to severe vibration from the complicated gearbox that routed power via long driveshafts to the propellers.

The gearbox was known to be an issue from the start as it produced unacceptable amounts of vibration during ground testing. It caused months of delays in the aircraft’s development which had pushed back the first test flight.

Another issue was the inability to get the aircraft in level flight due to insufficient airflow over the control surfaces. Guyton also had issues with the cockpit. It was uncomfortable, and the pilot’s seat was too high, which made the clear bottom panels useless during takeoff and landing.

NASA photograph of the Vought V-173 in a wind tunnel — A Vought V-173 mockup undergoes wind tunnel testing by the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA). This was the predecessor agency to the modern day NASA. Image: NASA

Another major issue was air getting trapped under the aircraft during the landing approach, forcing the tail up. This pushed the nose down, and the aircraft would drop suddenly as it landed, causing it to slam onto the runway and bounce back up.

Changes were made, and in 1942-43, Zimmerman’s Skimmer made another 190 test flights, causing an unknown number of UFO sightings by locals. The aircraft was also flown by Charles Lindbergh, who was impressed by its low-speed capabilities and easy handling. Both Lindbergh and Guyton discovered that they were almost unable to stall the aircraft.

A Tiny Crash

During one of the test flights, Vought test pilot Richard Burroughs was forced to make an emergency landing on a local beach.

Vought V-173 crash on beach upside down — Although the Vought V-173 crash did not injure the pilot or substantially damage the plane, the image of the crash is certainly dramatic. Image: NARA

The pancake managed to make it down to the sand without issues, but unfortunately, a beachgoer was enjoying the sun where he was trying to land. Burroughs braked hard to avoid hitting him, and the pancake flipped over on its back. Fortunately, both Burroughs and the aircraft were uninjured.

V-173 Specifications

Wingspan: 23 feet 4 inches
Length: 26 feet 8 inches
Height: 14 feet 9 inches
Wing Area: 427 square feet
Gross Weight: 2,258 pounds
Maximum Speed: 138 miles per hour
Time to Climb: 7 minutes (5,000 feet)

Vought XF5U Flapjack

With the end of the V-173 testing, the plane could take off under 200 feet under normal conditions and achieve vertical takeoff with a 25-knot headwind. The project moved on to the next phase with the XF5U, also known as The Flying Flapjack program. The new aircraft was more complicated and was constructed using an aluminum frame and covered with Metalite, a layer of balsa wood bonded between thin layers of aluminum.

Vought XF5U prototype with retractable landing gear and six machine guns — This XF5U mockup was finished in June 1943. It featured gun ports by the cockpit, three-blade propellers and single main gear doors — items that differed from the later prototype. Image: NARA

Vought constructed a wooden mockup of the XF5U for inspection by the Bureau of Aeronautics in June 1943. After a few revisions, it was approved in August 1943, but the two-aircraft contract was not signed until July 1944.

The XF5U was much improved when compared to the V-173. The new plane was powered by two Pratt & Whitney R-2000-7 1,350 hp engines placed in the fuselage. Further, it was equipped with retractable landing gear and a tail hook for carrier operations.

Vought XF5U on runway — A front view of a Vought XF5U prototype on the runway. The original three blade propellers were scrapped in favor of a four blade design. Image: San Diego Air and Space Museum

Unlike the purely experimental V-173, the XF5U was intended for development into a carrier based fighter. It was therefore slated for armament consisting of six .50-caliber AN/M2 machine guns (the aviation version of the M2 heavy machine gun.) Additionally, the plane was to have a pair of hardpoints underneath with a 1,000-pound ordnance capacity on each.

As with the V-173, the landing gear was tall, and the aircraft had an 18.7-degree nose-up angle.

The Flapjack Can’t Fly

The first of two XF5Us rolled off the line in June 1945 and began ground testing shortly after. Flight testing was delayed due to the inability to obtain the articulated propellers, some gearbox issues, and vibration problems. The XF5U only made a few short hops on the runway and never attained actual flight.

Vought XF5U rear view — A rear view of the Vought XF5U on the tarmac during its development. It was intended to be a carrier-based fighter with bombing capabilities. Image: San Diego Air and Space Museum

As WWII ended, the Navy faced decision-making time. With many bases closing, budget considerations, and the development of other aircraft equipped with turbojet engines, the program was canceled in March 1947.

Final Thoughts

The Vought V-173 was an unusual approach to the fundamentals of flight. While the program was ultimately unsuccessful, it was certainly educational and expanded our understanding of flight dynamics. Other approaches that substantially increase wing surface — such as the Northrop YB-35, Horten Ho 229 and Northrop B-2 Spirit — use similar techniques and have proved to be successful.

restored Vought V-173 at Frontiers of Flight Museum in Dallas Texas — The restored Vought V-173 is on display at the Frontiers of Flight Museum in Dallas, Texas. Image: Eric Urban/CC BY-SA 4.0

The V-173 was transferred to the Smithsonian Museum and, after an eight-year complete restoration by the Vought Aircraft Heritage Foundation Retirees, is now on display at the Frontiers of Flight Museum in Dallas, Texas.

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